Abstract+Migration

= = flat = = =**Potential Ideas**=
 * Gesture(dance?) migration
 * Emotional migration
 * Fear, and how it is created
 * http://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/human-nature/other-emotions/fear1.htm
 * How your brain tells you to react to emotions
 * or how we move from one emotion to another through different events
 * Internal Clock/ Cell migration (genetic) / blood flow / internal human related? Can be abstract and not..
 * Thoughts migration
 * Migration of knowledge
 * how does knowledge travel
 * through texbooks, internet, professors, teachers school, life
 * through people
 * media
 * internet
 * Migration of speech
 * Migration of body language
 * Sleep patterns/dreams
 * hormonal changes in women
 * menstrual cycle
 * origins of language
 * aquisition of the human ability to use language
 * development of language
 * communication of the language
 * how we're built biologically to support speech
 * evolution of language from primate language
 * universal grammer
 * Food migration**
 * i mport/export of foods
 * how food comes from the fields to our grocery shops to our homes
 * how our digestive system works and proceses the food that we eat
 * how the food is grow

=Biological Clock/Rhythm = Britannica
 * biological rhythm ( in biological rhythm). The internal mechanism by which such a rhythmic phenomenon occurs and is maintained even in the absence of the apparent environmental stimulus is termed a biological clock. When an animal that functions according to such a clock is rapidly translocated to a geographic point where the environmental cycle is no longer synchronous with the animal’s cycle, the clock continues for a time to function...

= SLEEP. =


 * What is sleep? **
 * Physical and mental resting state
 * Inactive, and unaware of the environment
 * The brain is as active during sleep as it is awake

What is a sleep cycle?

 * Characterized by non-REM and REM sleep.
 * Non-REM and REM sleep alternate in 90-110 minute cycles.
 * A normal sleep has about 4-5 cycles.

http://www.helpguide.org/life/sleeping.htm
 * = **Average Sleep Needs** ||
 * < **Age** ||< **Hours** ||
 * < Newborns (0-2 months) ||< 12 - 18 ||
 * < Infants (3 months to 1 year) ||< 14 - 15 ||
 * < Toddlers (1 to 3 years) ||< 12 - 14 ||
 * < Preschoolers (3 to 5 years) ||< 11 - 13 ||
 * < School-aged children (5 to 12 years) ||< 10 - 11 ||
 * < Teens and preteens (12 to 18 years) ||< 8.5 - 10 ||
 * < Adults (18+) ||< 7.5 - 9 ||

Stages of Sleep

 * 4 non-rem, 1 rem stage
 * REM - rapid eye movement
 * The 6th stage would be waking up
 * REM sleep is marked by extensive physiological changes, including accelerated respiration, increased brain activity, eye movement, and muscle relaxation.
 * People dream during this stage, most likely due to the increased brain activity and paralysis of major voluntary muscles.
 * Sleep quality changes from one stage to another


 * Stage 1 Sleep**
 * Drowsiness is often included in the stage where models do not include waking.
 * 50% reduction between wakefulness and stage 1 sleep.
 * The eyes are closed in stage 1, but if aroused, the person will feel like they have not slept.
 * Person may experience sensation of falling asleep or jerk awake suddenly - called a hypnic jerk.
 * Lasts for 5-10 minutes, or 5% of non-REM sleep.
 * Stage is characterized by low voltate EEG and slow rolling eye movements.


 * Sleep 2 Sleep**
 * Period of light sleep
 * Lasts about 10-25 minutes
 * Eye movements stop and brain waves become larger
 * Positive and negative waves, 2 distinct types of waves called sleep spindles and K-Complexes.
 * Sleep spindle is an EEG wave pattern that lasts for .5 - 1.5 seconds, and consists of bursts of 11-15 hertz waves.
 * K-complex is a high voltage EEG that lasts more than .5 seconds, and has has a sharp downward slope followed by a slower upward hill.
 * These patterns can be provoked by external/internal stimuli.
 * Spontaneous periods of muscle relaxation mixed with muscle tenseness.
 * Brain slows, body temperature decreses and our bodies prepare for deep sleep


 * Stage 3 Sleep**
 * Deep Sleep progresses
 * Person is difficult to wake up
 * Extremely slow brain waves called delta waves are produced, intermingling with smaller, faster waves.
 * 20 - 40% of delta waves in this stage of sleep.


 * Stage 4 Sleep**
 * Very deep sleep, some refer to as delta sleep.
 * of about 75% of non-REM sleep, 13% spent in this stage,
 * People in stage 3-4 is harder to wake than in 1-2
 * The brain produces only delta waves almost exclusively.
 * Greater than 50% of delta waves in this stage.
 * Blood flow directed away form the brain and towards muscles, restoring physical energy.
 * The immune system is the most active, and certain vital hormone systems kick in.


 * Sleep Stage 5 - REM Sleep**
 * Usually occurs 70-90 minutes after we fall asleep
 * Shallow and irregular breathing, relaxed muscles, eyes move rapidly, heart rate increases, and blood pressure rises.
 * Vivid dreams are often experienced
 * REM sleep is also called "paradoxical" sleep since brain activity is almost the same as when awake.
 * During REM sleep, the brain blocks signals to the muscles so they remain immobile and we do not act out our dream.
 * Adults spend about 20-25% of their sleep cycle in this stage
 * EEG activity shows mixed frequency and high and low voltage with some occasional "saw tooth" waves.
 * A major function of REM sleep is consolidation of newly learned material. Files away what we learned in the day properly.
 * Also for mood regulation



http://www.shuteye.com/stages-of-sleep/stages-of-sleep.aspx http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/sleep-disorders/archives/intro.htm

http://www.helpguide.org/life/sleeping.htm http://www.understandsleep.com/the-science-of-sleep/

Dreaming and REM sleep

 * Each night we usually spend more than 2 hours dreaming.
 * Sigmund Freud believed dreaming was a safety valve for unconscious desires.
 * Most mammals and birds show signs of REM sleep, while reptiles and cold-blooded animals do not.

Dreaming

 * Some researchers say that dreams have no real purpose, while others believe it is essential to our mental, physical well-being and emotional health.
 * Certain themes seem to be more common than in others in dreams.
 * Based on a study from the University of Montreal, after asking 1000 first year students about their dreams, most frequent dreams related to being chased, but not physically hurt and sexual experiences.
 * There are also significant differences in male and female.
 * Dream associated with the males tend to be more positive
 * Dreams associated with females tend to more negative
 * including phobias, performance anxiety, and loss of control.
 * Children under 5 usually dream of static bland images that have no storyline.
 * Psychoanalytical Theory of Dreaming
 * Freud suggested that dreams were a representation of our unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations.
 * He believes we are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts but can only find their way into our awareness through our dreams as they are repressed by our consciousness.

http://psychology.about.com/od/statesofconsciousness/p/dream-theories.htm


 * Lucid Dreams**
 * Ability to control your dreams, and steer to the direction you want.
 * You're more willing to confront, making you more confident
 * Lucid dreams help to visualize and rehearse an event in your mind before it happens in real life.
 * Helps to overcome fear and anxieties.
 * Only limited to imagination.
 * Brain activity is almost the same as in awake, so what you practice or rehearse in your dream is similar to the rehearsing and training you would do in real life.
 * At least half of adults have had a lucid dream in their lifetime.
 * Often flying is associated with this type of dream.


 * Daydreaming**
 * Occurs when semi-awake.
 * Spontaneous imagining/recalling in the past or future.
 * Allowing the imagination to run away.
 * The right side of the brain is used when daydreaming, which is the feminine and creative side.
 * The more you worry, the more likely it is to happen, therefore, people should think positive.
 * You can use daydreaming as a tool to visualize what you want and hope it will happen.
 * Positive daydreaming is healthy.
 * It serves as a temporary away from reality.
 * It relieves stress, improves attitude, etc.

http://www.dreammoods.com/dreaminformation/dreamtypes/#EpicDreams

Dreams and Waking life

 * What people dream are affected by whats going on in their life (Kramer).
 * If you're struggling, worried about something, or have a crush on someone, it may show up in your dream.
 * Dreams can also be affected by stimuli experienced when one is dreaming.
 * Sometimes people realize they are dreaming while they are in their dream, being able to control some of the dream.

Theories of Dreaming

 * Dreams as wish fulfillment (Freud)
 * Dreams satisfy unconscious needs
 * Dreams provide a time to work through everyday problems (Cartwright)
 * By product of bursts of activity from the subcortical areas in the brain, activation synthesis model. (Hobson & McCarley)
 * Model proposes that dreams are side-effects of the neural activation that produces the "wide awake" brain waves during REM sleep.
 * A story is created to make sense of internal signals.


 * Age Trends in Sleep**
 * Young adults, children and newborns all have different sleep patterns.
 * Newborns sleep 6-8 times in a 24 period, often more than 16 hours of sleep.
 * Infants spend a lot more time in REM sleep compared to adults.
 * First few months, REM sleep accounts for 50% of their sleep compared to adults 20%.
 * During the first year, their REM sleep will to decrease to 30%, and slowly until 20%.
 * Average amount of sleep decline with age.

**Insomnia**

 * Most common sleep disorder
 * Chronic problems getting enough sleep
 * Occurs in 3 patterns:
 * Difficulty falling asleep initially
 * Difficulty remaining asleep
 * Persistant early morning awakening
 * Most common for young people is falling asleep, and the other 2 occur to middle-aged - older adults.
 * It is associated with daytime fatigue, impaired functioning, depression, and increased health problems.
 * about 34% - 35% of people suffer from insomnia, about half suffer from severe/frequent insomnia
 * Insomnia increases with age, and is 50% more common in women than men.
 * Pseudo-insomnia or Sleep state misperception, is when people //think// they get enough sleep.
 * In some cases, excessive anxiety and tension prevent relaxation and keep people awake.
 * Insomnia is often a result of emotional problems (depression, stress, pressures at work)
 * Most common treatment is prescriptioned sedative drugs (sleeping pills).
 * Benzodiazepine medications, are the most widely prescribed sedatives.
 * Many sleep experts argue that past physicians prescribe sedatives to frequently,
 * 5% - 15% of adults regularly use sleep medication
 * There are concerns for people becoming dependent on sleeping medications.
 * Over time the sedatives become less effective.
 * Causing people to take higher dosages
 * Most sedatives interfere with normal sleep cycles
 * They decrease time in slow-wave sleep, and some older drugs decrease REM sleep
 * Melatonin is also an option for people who suffer insomnia
 * Hormone used to treat jet lag
 * It can be used as a mild sedative


 * Sedatives are effective, but should only be used as short-term treatment
 * Treatment programs in psychology have proven useful.

**Narcolepsy**

 * Disease marked by sudden and irresistible onset of sleep during normal waking periods.
 * Person suffering goes from awake right into REM sleep, 10 - 20 minutes.
 * Potentially dangerous because they can fall asleep instantly.
 * Only occurs in 0.05% of the population
 * Causes are not well understood
 * Stimulant drugs have been used to treat this disorder with only modest success.

Sleep Apnea

 * Involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.
 * Some people are awakened hundred of times every night.
 * Happens when a person stops breathing for a minimum of 10 seconds.
 * This disorder is usually accompanied with loud snoring, seen in 2% in women and 4% in men between 30-60.
 * Insomnia is often a side effect of sleep apnea.
 * May be treated with surgery or drug therapy.



Nightmares

 * Anxiety arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep.
 * Usually people awakened by a nightmare have a hard time falling back asleep.
 * Some evidence show that nightmares are associated with measure of the persons well-being.
 * Montreal psychologists found correlation between measures of well-being (anxiety, stress, depression) and nightmares.
 * About 10% of adults have occasional nightmares, happens mainly amongst children.
 * Most kids have occasional nightmares, but persistent ones may reflect an emotional disturbance.
 * Most nightmares do not need to be treated.

Night/Sleep Terrors

 * Abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic.
 * Can produce acceleration of heart rate, usually in stage 4 of sleep early in the night.
 * Usually let out a cry, and bolt right up and stare into space.
 * They usually do not recall a dream, just possibly a frightening image.
 * Returning to sleep is fairly easy.
 * Happens in adults, but most common in children 3 - 8.
 * Often a temporary problem.

Somnambulism/Sleep walking

 * Occurs when a person arises and waders about while remaining asleep.
 * Usually occurs 2 hours into sleep in slow wave sleep.
 * Lasts from 15 s - 30 mins.
 * Sleep walkers may be awakened during their journey, or return bed without any recollection of the event.
 * The cause is unknown, possibly genetic disposition.
 * Prone to accidents.
 * It is safe to gently awaken a sleep walker unlike what the myths say.

Psychology Themes and Variations, by Weiten McCann, first canadian edition, Published by Nelson, 2007